離(li)網(wang)型太(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)發電系統利用太(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)電池板在有光(guang)照(zhao)的情況下將太(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)轉化為電能(neng)(neng)(neng)，通過太(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)充(chong)放電控(kong)(kong)制器給負載供電，同時(shi)給蓄電池充(chong)電；在陰天氣或者無光(guang)照(zhao)時(shi)，通過太(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)充(chong)放電控(kong)(kong)制器由(you)蓄電池組給直流(liu)負載供電，同時(shi)蓄電池還(huan)要(yao)直接(jie)給獨立逆變(bian)(bian)器供電，通過獨立逆變(bian)(bian)器變(bian)(bian)成交流(liu)電，給交流(liu)負載供電

系統(tong)簡介(jie)

離網(wang)型(xing)太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)系統被廣泛應(ying)用于(yu)偏僻山區(qu)、無(wu)電(dian)(dian)區(qu)、海島、通(tong)訊基(ji)站等(deng)應(ying)用場所。系統一般由太(tai)陽(yang)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組件組成(cheng)的(de)光(guang)伏方(fang)陣、太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)充(chong)(chong)放電(dian)(dian)控(kong)(kong)制器(qi)(qi)(qi)、蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組、離網(wang)型(xing)逆(ni)變(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、直流(liu)(liu)(liu)負載(zai)(zai)和(he)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)負載(zai)(zai)等(deng)構成(cheng)。光(guang)伏方(fang)陣在(zai)有光(guang)照的(de)情況下將太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)轉換(huan)為電(dian)(dian)能(neng)，通(tong)過太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)充(chong)(chong)放電(dian)(dian)控(kong)(kong)制器(qi)(qi)(qi)給(gei)(gei)負載(zai)(zai)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)，同時(shi)給(gei)(gei)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)；在(zai)無(wu)光(guang)照時(shi)，通(tong)過太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)充(chong)(chong)放電(dian)(dian)控(kong)(kong)制器(qi)(qi)(qi)由蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組給(gei)(gei)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)負載(zai)(zai)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)，同時(shi)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)還要直接給(gei)(gei)獨(du)立(li)逆(ni)變(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)，通(tong)過獨(du)立(li)逆(ni)變(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)逆(ni)變(bian)成(cheng)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)，給(gei)(gei)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)負載(zai)(zai)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)。

發(fa)電原理

太陽光(guang)照在半(ban)導體(ti)(ti)p-n結(jie)上，形成新(xin)的(de)空(kong)穴-電(dian)(dian)子(zi)對(dui)，在p-n結(jie)電(dian)(dian)場(chang)的(de)作用下，空(kong)穴由n區流(liu)向p區，電(dian)(dian)子(zi)由p區流(liu)向n區，接(jie)通電(dian)(dian)路后(hou)就(jiu)形成電(dian)(dian)流(liu)。這就(jiu)是光(guang)電(dian)(dian)效(xiao)應太陽能電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)工作原理。

太(tai)陽能(neng)發電(dian)(dian)方(fang)式(shi)太(tai)陽能(neng)發電(dian)(dian)有兩種(zhong)方(fang)式(shi)，一種(zhong)是光—熱—電(dian)(dian)轉換方(fang)式(shi)，另一種(zhong)是光—電(dian)(dian)直接轉換方(fang)式(shi)。

（1） 光—熱(re)—電(dian)轉(zhuan)換方式(shi)通過利用(yong)太陽輻射產生的(de)熱(re)能發電(dian)，一般是由太陽能集熱(re)器將所吸收的(de)熱(re)能轉(zhuan)換成工質的(de)蒸氣，再(zai)驅動汽輪機(ji)發電(dian)。前(qian)一個(ge)過程是光—熱(re)轉(zhuan)換過程；后一個(ge)過程是熱(re)—電(dian)轉(zhuan)換過程。

（2） 光(guang)(guang)—電(dian)(dian)直接(jie)轉(zhuan)換方(fang)式該方(fang)式是(shi)利用(yong)光(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)效應，將太(tai)(tai)陽輻(fu)射能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)直接(jie)轉(zhuan)換成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，光(guang)(guang)—電(dian)(dian)轉(zhuan)換的(de)基本裝置就(jiu)是(shi)太(tai)(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)池。太(tai)(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)池是(shi)一種由于光(guang)(guang)生(sheng)伏特(te)效應而將太(tai)(tai)陽光(guang)(guang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)直接(jie)轉(zhuan)化為電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)器件，是(shi)一個半導體(ti)(ti)光(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)二極(ji)(ji)管，當太(tai)(tai)陽光(guang)(guang)照到(dao)光(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)二極(ji)(ji)管上時(shi)，光(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)二極(ji)(ji)管就(jiu)會把太(tai)(tai)陽的(de)光(guang)(guang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)變成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，產生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)流。當許多個電(dian)(dian)池串聯或并聯起(qi)來就(jiu)可(ke)以成(cheng)為有比(bi)較大的(de)輸(shu)出功率的(de)太(tai)(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)池方(fang)陣了。

設置因素

太陽(yang)能(neng)發電系統(tong)的(de)設計需要考(kao)慮的(de)因素(su)：

1、 太陽能發(fa)電(dian)系(xi)統在哪里(li)使用？該地日光輻射情況(kuang)如(ru)何？

2、 系統的負載(zai)功率多(duo)大？

3、 系統的輸出電壓是多(duo)少，直流(liu)還是交(jiao)流(liu)？

4、 系統(tong)每(mei)天需要工作(zuo)多少小時(shi)？

5、 如遇到(dao)沒有日光(guang)照射的(de)陰雨天(tian)氣，系統(tong)需連續供電多少天(tian)？

6、 負載的情況，純電(dian)阻(zu)性、電(dian)容性還是(shi)電(dian)感性，啟(qi)動電(dian)流多大？

系統(tong)組成 

太(tai)陽(yang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池組(zu)件(jian)是太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)離網發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統中(zhong)的(de)(de)主要部(bu)分，也是系(xi)統中(zhong)價值最高(gao)的(de)(de)部(bu)件(jian)，其作用(yong)是將太(tai)陽(yang)的(de)(de)輻射能(neng)量(liang)轉換為直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)。根據用(yong)戶(hu)對功率和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)(de)不同(tong)要求，制成太(tai)陽(yang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池組(zu)件(jian)單個使用(yong)，也可以數個太(tai)陽(yang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池組(zu)件(jian)經過串聯（以滿足(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓要求）和(he)并(bing)聯（以滿足(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)要求），形成供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)陣列提供(gong)更大的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功率。太(tai)陽(yang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池組(zu)件(jian)具有高(gao)面積比功率，長壽命和(he)高(gao)可靠性的(de)(de)特點，在20年使用(yong)期限內(nei)，輸出功率下降一般不超過20%。隨著(zhu)溫度(du)的(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)化(hua)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池組(zu)件(jian)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓、功率也將發生變(bian)(bian)化(hua)，故組(zu)件(jian)串聯設計(ji)時必(bi)須考慮電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓負溫度(du)系(xi)數

太陽能充放電控制器
太陽能充放電控制器也稱“光伏控制器”，其作用是對太陽能電池組件所發的電能進行調節和控制，最大限度地對蓄電池進行充電，并對蓄電池起到過充電保護、過放電保護的作用。在溫差較大的地方，光伏控制器應具備溫度補償的功能。根據系統的直流電壓等級和太陽電池組件的功率配置合適的光伏控制器，常見的光伏控制器有DC12V、24V、48V、110V、220V不同電壓等級。

蓄電池組

其(qi)主(zhu)要任務是(shi)貯能，以便在夜間(jian)或陰雨天保證負(fu)載(zai)用(yong)電。可根據系統直(zhi)流電壓(ya)等級的(de)要求來配置蓄(xu)電池的(de)串、并聯(lian)數(shu)量，蓄(xu)電池串并聯(lian)時應遵循同(tong)型(xing)號規格、同(tong)廠家、同(tong)批次、同(tong)時安裝和使用(yong)原則。

  離(li)網型(xing)逆變器

離網(wang)逆(ni)變器是離網(wang)型(xing)太陽能發電(dian)系統(tong)的(de)核心部件之一，負(fu)責(ze)把直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)轉(zhuan)換為交流(liu)電(dian)，供交流(liu)負(fu)荷使用。為了提(ti)高光伏發電(dian)系統(tong)的(de)整體性能，保(bao)證電(dian)站(zhan)的(de)長期穩定運行(xing)，逆(ni)變器的(de)性能指標非常重要。逆(ni)變器選型(xing)是根(gen)據負(fu)載(zai)的(de)特性（如(ru)阻性、感性或(huo)容性）及(ji)負(fu)載(zai)功率大小(xiao)進行(xing)選擇的(de)。